The Lady with a Pet Dog Literature Review

A Deconstruction of the Story Dmitri Dmitritch Gurov, a married man with a daughter who is twelve years and two sons in school and lives in Yalta.   Gurov has a keen interest in people who are new in the area spots a young lady Anna Sergeyevna , a young lady with an average height accompanied by a Pomeranian dog strolling on the front of the sea. The lady is a visitor in Yalta and residents only refers to her as ‘the lady with a dog’ nobody really knows her name. after a careful analysis of his approach plan to the lady, they meet at the Gardens and they are both dining when Gurov shakes his finger at the lady’s dog. Thee dog barks furiously but the lady assures Gurov that the dog dos not bite. After several meetings Gurov discovers that the lady’s name is Anna Sergeyevne. She is married to Von Diderit in Old Gontcharny. They begin to have a keen interest in each other and when Anna Sergeyevne receives information that her husband is sick and wants her, she leaves Yalta but tells Guro v that they will never meet again. Gurov remains behind but he is not peaceful because he misses her dearly. He makes arrangement and follows her to her husbands place and they reunite again in a passionate relationship. Binary oppositions In the story Antony Chekhov uses binary opposition tool accurately. The entire story is a relationship of abstract experience with concrete experience. For example, an abstract element like love is related to passion as a concrete element in the story. When Anna Sergeyevne goes to visit Gurov in Yalta, she cries passionately and complains that their relationship was difficult since they could only meet in privacy away from people who new them. Chekhov writes, â€Å"She was crying from emotion, from the miserable consciousness that their life was so hard for them; they could only meet in secret, hiding themselves from people, like thieves! Was not their life shattered?†p14. This means that in Anna’s engrossment in love, she is also passionately attracted to Gurov and wishes that their relationship could exist in the knowledge of people who new them but since they were both married, this was an impossible.   It is therefore true that the pair themselves is binary opposition. The live of Gurov is also an instance of binary opposition. He seems to have a happy public life. With his family and a job as a banker, one can easily say that e has a happier family life as well as occupational life. To the reader however this is a contrary, we know that the man is having an affair with a married woman. In fact as the story ends he admits that love caught up with him in his old age when he sees grey hair when kissing Anna. P 14 Gurov’s real wife classifies herself as being intellectual and could read a lot. However Gurov knows that his wife is not intelligent but was narrow and inelegant and this made Gurov to be afraid of her. This made him to be absent from home most of the time. P4. Anna’s life also is an example of binary opposition. The woman is married to Von Diderits but has very strong intimate feelings towards Gurov. This is a good instance of fidelity versus passion and intimacy as binary opposition. Work cited Anton Chekhov. (1925). the Lady with a Pet Dog, Moscow: the Gale Group Inc.

Essay about Nike, Inc vs. Toys R Us - 1476 Words

NIKE, INC VS TOYS R U Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; COMPANIES.........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 COMAPARISONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 GROWTH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure†¦show more content†¦Procedures nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Methodology: To prepare this report, the staff of EC=2 gathered most of the information from the Internet, especially the companies Web pages. In addition, the staff obtained annual reports from the companies and data from both the NYSE and NASDAQ Web pages. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Personnel: EC=2 has been providing consulting services in the East for the past 25 years. Our staff includes: a former CEO, four CPAs, three MBAs, and a full complement of research assistants. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Schedule: The final copy of the report will be submitted on or before nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; April 18, 2005 for your review and evaluation. THE COMPANIES NIKE, INC {NYSE-NKE} nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;History: NIKE, Inc. is engaged in the design, development and worldwide nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; marketing of footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products. 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Analysis on Three Main Sociological Theories Free Essays

Sociological Perspectives: an Analysis on the Three Main Sociological Theories Abstract: When taking Into consideration all social sciences, numerous behavioral and cognitive theories have been developed and revised over the years. Although this Is true, some of the more influential and accurate theories have remained almost completely unchanged yet they still envelope modern day perspectives. Symbolic interactions, functional analysis, and the conflict theory are among these main harries; they have been used to described various factors in society and still continue to hold true to their definitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Three Main Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now With further exploration and research, an overview on these concepts will be given with contextual evidence. Keywords: symbolic interactions, functional analysis, conflict theory, social science, sociology, behavioral, cognitive Sociological theories are used to describe and explain Just about any occurrence In society. From cultural customs and traditions, to street and white collar crime, to changes In social norms, the main perspectives can be used to find out their true repose and origin. Every established sociologist has their own views, but for the most part they will fall into categories having to do with the main three perspectives. For each topic, there are also many subtopic perspectives and theories to assist in explaining some of the more specific events throughout life. For now, an overview between symbolic interactions, functional analysis, and the conflict theory will be given, with contextual evidence of each. Symbolic interactions can be defined as an individual acting upon or towards something based on their prior interaction or interpretation with that subject. Any and all past experiences and feelings are combined to form a reaction to the subject. A great example brought up by James Hansel Is the meaning of marriage and all of Its components. This Includes factors such as marriage Itself, divorce, parenthood, and love. Each of these concepts had a changed view one hundred years ago, fifty years ago, and even ten years ago. They are constantly changing, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. When considering marriage pre-1920, they were entirely based upon essential and purposeful decision such as â€Å"settling down† and purchasing land, having kids, and investing. This was all much rather done with a companion. Now, when marriage is connections to each other. Two individuals may have separate lives and self- supporting, but Just want to marry for the sake of having a partner. Divorces were also unheard of in the past. They were used only in the case of adultery or complete disagreement with domestic issues. But now, divorces are quite common, and no longer symbolize failure but as success and a new start. (Heinlein 17) We, as humans, are independent thinkers and can constantly Judge the actions of things around us. All factors in our environments can change these thoughts, but nothing can cease them. This is better known as our conscience, our individual though with no chance of elimination. A better description of this process was described by the author of Symbolic Interactions: An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration, â€Å"The human being must be understood as a thinking being. Human action is not only interaction among individuals but also interaction within the individual. It is not our ideas or attitudes or values that are as important as the constant active ongoing recess of thinking. We are not simply conditioned, we are not simply beings who are influenced by those around us, we are not simply products of society. We are, to our very core, thinking animals, always conversing with ourselves as we interact with others. If we want to understand cause, focus on human thinking. † (Sharon 31) Sharon truly emphasizes, on the most basic level of our being, how we coexist together. On the inside, we are nothing more than animals with constantly changing views of society and the individuals factors within it. No matter how hard some will ray (and have tried) it is an impossible feat to completely change every person to be like-minded, for there will always be change and differing in morals or ethics. Symbolic interactions will always be a relevant perspective as long as our brains continue to function. Connections and emotions will be transferred from human to human and from human to object to form a large, total interrelated web. Functional analysis is a theory meaning society performs as a whole with many interconnected parts. All factors of society, such as customs of cultures and criminal activity, are embodied to create a functional environment. Generally designed by Robert Morton, functional analysis takes every factor of society into account to provide a result. Sometimes these factors end up bringing unintended consequences, which Morton referred to as latent dysfunctions. For example, a large and long running custom in the Mexican culture is the acquaintance at a 16 year old girls birthday. This signifies that the young lady has made it to adulthood and takes on more responsibilities now. Say, for sake of a theoretical example, that the government required all girls to now eve their acquaintance at the age of 12, a â€Å"doctor. † Young ladies are now expected to get Jobs to help support the family and do more rigorous chores around the house. It wouldn’t take long for the social lives and educational careers of the girls to plummet. Although these aftermath factors may not be expected when initiating such a plan. Changing gears and bringing in a factor from the opposite side of the spectrum, crime, be can also see how everything in society has a purpose. Also examined in a criminal Justice class of mine, conflict theory is often viewed by criminologists and investigators in order to find origins for some types of crime. A paper written by graduate students from Cardiff University, I-J, depicts some of Deuterium’s most influential ideas on functional analysis. Here, the students write about his views on fundamentally from the conventional path. While most criminologists treated crime as a pathological phenomenon and sought psychological causes in the mind of the criminal, Druthers saw crime as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. Crime was normal in hat no society could enforce total conformity to its injunctions, and if society could, it would be so repressive as to leave no leeway for the social contributions of individuals. Deviance from the norms of society is necessary if society is to remain flexible and open to change and new adaptations. (Bancroft) By this, we can conclude that crime existence only shows humanity and realism in an environment. To attempt to completely demolish crime is a very idealistic and even impossible feat. I found this example to be one of the more interesting since crime has existed reeve and seems as though it will continue to exist. Even with corrections and punishment at the rate they rate they are today, crime will c ontinue to perform as an interconnected part of society. Lastly, the conflict theory, Just as it sounds, involves all conflict oriented factors. Differences in power and control, whether it be an individual or group, spark social conflicts through society. This theory could also be used when describing how an individual may commit crime in order to get ahead of life. Often told as the â€Å"American Dream,† people in America have expectations of large houses, nice cars, ND other luxuries of life. When these are not obtained fairly, possibly because of monetary or social inequalities, some individuals will commit white collar and larceny type crime to obtain their wants. Even for a successful person, they can sometimes stoop to low levels in order to provide. Alan Sears said it best, â€Å"Consensus is a euphemism for ideology. Genuine consensus is not achieved, rather the more powerful in societies are able to impose their conceptions on others and have them accept their discourses. Consensus does not preserve social order, it entrenches transformation. † Being above the rest is a desired characteristic for some people, and a social necessity for other. Regardless, this cause conflict between the persons involved. Group conflict is also relevant, especially with how connected the world is as a global society. Some theorists say that underdevelopment in certain Third World countries is actually meant to be. Lowly functioning nations are available for exploitation and colonization by larger countries. When a multinational corporation becomes powerful enough, they can even have influence on the development, whether it be political, economic, or other features of change. This is desired purely to show power and dominance or more area, which in turn can start conflict. Sears 35) Each of the above sociological perspectives has large significance when attempting to explain any problems or occurrence within society. Each can be used as a model to exemplify how the structure of that specific situation should be, and how it can change to become the model structure. Although there are many subtopic theories, these main three will surely remain mostly unchanged within the social sciences for years to come . Bancroft, Ensues and Stoned Rogers, edited by Pierre Staples (2010). How to cite Analysis on Three Main Sociological Theories, Papers

How to Write a Ccot free essay sample

Basically a change over time essay is a comparison essay where time periods are compared. 2. Read the question carefully and determine the theme, areas, and time periods to be compared. Make sure you write a thesis statement that specifically addresses all three pieces of this information. The thesis must also address change as well as continuity. The thesis should take a stance on level of change 3. Set up a three-column chart (or series of charts) with a beginning date, an end date, and a reference point in the middle. If the question spans multiple time periods, 1450-1914, for example, your time markers might be 1450, 1750, 1914). There may be several reference 4. In this chart, list the status of the theme at the beginning of the time period given, at the middle marker, and at the end of the time period given. List at least two (preferably three) examples for each time period. 5. Note the changes as well as continuities (things that remain the same) 6. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Ccot or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Analyze at least one reason for a change or continuity per paragraph. In other words, do not simply describe the change or continuity, but spend some time explaining why the change or continuity occurred. 7. A. Preferred set up – by body paragraph (Change-Continuity-Global Context) Topic #1: changes and what caused them (beginning, change, end) Topic #2: continuities and why (beginning, middle, end) Topic #3: global context of things (what else is happening in the world) PREWRITE (Note: establish chronology within each paragraph) The Beginning Change topic(s) What was the change? Causes of change? Inpact of change3 Facts Analysis Phrase Continuity topic(s) What remained the same? Why? 3 Facts Analysis Phrase Global context topic(s)3 Facts Analysis phrase ESSAY FORMAT – CCOT ?#1 Change Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Analysis This changed occurred because †¦. ?#2 Continuity Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Analysis Because the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ was constantly present the (society, people, government, trade, ) was able to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ?#3 Global Context Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Analysis Conclusion B. Set up by Topic Two changes, one continuity – global context inside each Topic #1: Beginning, Change (why change) – facts, global context, analysis Topic #1: Beginning, Change (why change) – facts, global context, analysis Topic #1: Beginning, Continuity – facts, global context, analysis Topic sentence is for topics of change/continuity. Final sentence for analysis Have to mention continuity in at least two topics Have to mention global context at least once (preferably in each paragraph) C. Topic sentence at transition and linkage PREWRITE (Note: establish chronology within each paragraph) The Beginning Change Topic What was the change? Causes of change? Impact of change3 Facts Global Context Analysis Phrase Change Topic What remained the same? Why? 3 Facts Global Context Analysis Phrase Continuity Topic3 Facts Global Context Analysis phrase ?Thesis statement – must show change topic(s) and continuity topic(s); stance and cover all significant aspects of the prompt. ?#1Change Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Global Context ?Analysis – This changed occurred because †¦. ?#2 Change Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Global Context Analysis Due to the fact that †¦.. this change occurred. ?#3 Continuity Topic Sentence ?Fact ?Fact ?Fact ?Global Context ?Analysis – Because the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ was constantly present the (society, people, government, trade, ) was able to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ?Conclusion 8. If you have a question with multiple themes, or multiple geographic areas that you are discussing, you need to complete a chart for each area â€⠀œ you will then be doing a comparison contrast essay as well as a change over time essay, but you will use the time periods as your organizing principle. 9. Write your paper, putting the thesis in the first paragraph and using one paragraph as noted above. Make sure to discuss two continuities. Make sure you have topic sentences for each paragraph and use connecting sentences explaining the changes and the continuities. 10. In your conclusion, try to make a global connection by bringing the theme forward to â€Å"today† cither by explaining how the theme would undergo further changes as we see it forward, or how it would stay the same. This shows impact –why do we care? Alternatively, make sure that you include global context in each paragraph Change Over Time Essay Chart – by body paragraph Changes and what caused them Continuity and Why Global Context Change Over Time Essay Chart – Set up by topic Beginning time period Date/event that serves as pivot End of Time Period 1. Change 2. Change 3. Continuity Global context/Impact Words showing Continuity Still, Remained, Maintained, Constant, Throughout, Stable, Continued, Endured, Stayed, Survived, The Same, Persevere, Uniform, Perpetual, Uninterrupted Words showing Change Emerge, Shift, Eliminate, Develop, Transform, Altered, Differentiate

The Three Strangers By Thomas Hardy and A Vendetta By Guy De Maupassant Essay Example

The Three Strangers By Thomas Hardy and A Vendetta By Guy De Maupassant Essay Both these stories build up mystery. However, because they are written in different ways, there is significant contrast in the way the two stories are built up. Hardys story is longer, and has much more detail than Maupassants. Hardys has more characters and there is a twist in the tale. Maupassants is simpler, to the point and only has one character. These differences in structure contribute to the contrasting styles in which the mystery is built up. The setting at the beginning of The Three Strangers, plays a big part in creating mystery. Thomas Hardy describes a lonely cottage (page 130) as solitary. The way he describes this leads the reader to think that if anything happens out there, no one would know about it. Hardys descriptive use of the weather when he says the level rainstorm (on page 131), creates an atmosphere that plays on the readers emotions. The setting for Maupassants story builds up mystery too. It opens with a horrific murder. On page 201, we are told that the victim was treacherously knifed. This is important, as straight away there is some action in it, which makes us wonder whats going to happen next. This is a clever way to build up mystery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Strangers By Thomas Hardy and A Vendetta By Guy De Maupassant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Strangers By Thomas Hardy and A Vendetta By Guy De Maupassant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Strangers By Thomas Hardy and A Vendetta By Guy De Maupassant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Like Maupassants, Hardys story gets to the point almost straight away: an incident had occurred (page 133). This is mysterious, because it doesnt tell you what the incident was until a little bit later. This builds up suspension and mystery very well. As the first stranger ascends the hill, Hardy develops mystery by using nature. The time of day helps when on page 134, it says the time of full moon. The sense of mystery is developed further through this, as a full moon is often associated with mysterious events. The way the first stranger walks also brings out the mystery in him. It says on page 134 there was caution in it, referring to his walk. This makes us wonder why and leads the reader to think that the man is scared of something, mystery being built, as we dont as yet know what the danger is. On several occasions, Hardy refers to the first stranger as a solitary pedestrian. This adds to the mystery rather well because if one is alone, no one will know if something happens to you. Later, as he is about to enter the house, the first pedestrian is described to be mentally looking through the door (page 135). This shows that he might be uncomfortable with what the people inside might ask him. This is backed up by the quotation on page 135. The question of his entry. This argument could be reinforced by the quotation on page 136. His hat hung low over his head. It is evident that the stranger doesnt want to be recognised in the house. Overall, Hardy gives the impression to the reader that the man did not want to be recognised, and he did not want too many questions to be asked about him. This builds up suspension and mystery as it tells us that something is going on, and the man has a secret. In Maupassants story, there is also a secret. This secret is being revealed to us little by little, gradually telling us how the widow will carry out the vendetta. By doing this, he introduces the idea she has had. First, he tells us that there was nothing else on her mind but this. On page 202, it tells you she had no rest. This shows she was determined to carry out the vendetta, but it seems she didnt know how to go about it. Next, he tells us that she has decided what to do. On page 202, it reads inspiration. We now know that she has decided what she is going to do, however, the reader has not been informed what it is and still, Maupassant gives the pieces little by little. The story continues and we finally get to know what is going to happen on page 203, when it says the dog tore the face to pieces. This is somewhat different to the way Hardy develops the plot. Hardy draws it out even more, and I think this helped Hardys story immensely with the build up of tension and mystery. Once the second stranger is inside, and the people at the party are asking about the strangers professions, the first stranger does not seem to be too pleased to be asked about it. It seems at first that he is keen to let everyone know what he is when he says very quickly and firmly Im a wheelwright. However, it appears that he is feeling a little too keen, especially as when the hedge carpenter says you can tell a mans profession by his hands, the first man instinctively sought the shade (page 142). All this shows that he is not telling the truth about his profession. This also adds to the mystery of the story, and again, it makes the reader wonder why the man is so secretive about himself, and why he would lie about his profession. In Maupassants story, there is a level of predictability regarding what is going to happen when it reads, on page 203; reduced the throat to ribbons. Before this, though, the clues are introduced very gradually. This also shows the determination and intelligence of the old woman. Usually a plot like this would be very well planned-out. However, it says that she had a sudden inspiration (page 202). This tells you that the woman is not a gentle, soft woman, or not in this case, at least. This is because she is so determined to do what she has to do, since it is what she has believed in throughout her whole life. Page 202 also says that the inspiration was a fierce vindictive one. The woman had forced herself to be less shy and timid, especially to be able to carry out the vendetta on her sons behalf. This builds up mystery well, as it means that the woman could be unpredictable as she is not her usual self. Hardy also uses this method in his story. He does not disclose to us the next mystery that is about to arise. The mystery is what the second stranger does for a living. There are clues scattered about when he talks. For example, on page 138, it says not a face without power. This gives the impression, that at least he is a boss of some kind or in charge of something. He was in fact, in charge of something, that thing being other peoples lives. Something that could put you off track however, is the second strangers kindness. On page 140, he says relieve the needy. You dont really expect an executioner to help the needy, as if he didnt kill people every week, so this is a clever way to draw out the little mystery. Later on, when asked about his occupation, the second stranger says I leave a mark upon my customers (page 142). This is again a clue to the strangers profession. Finally, in the second verse of his song, he gives his final clue. A post whereon to swing (page 143). The post is the hanging pole, and they are swinging because of the rope holding them up by their necks. I think Hardy has used this riddle well, for as well as leaving the readers to unfold it themselves, he has placed into their minds the question what will this man have to do with the rest of the story? It was clever to use this riddle, as it builds such great suspense, that mystery is built up immensely in this part of the story. The third stranger comes in and flees so suddenly, that it is obvious that there is significance in the way he does so. It must provide a vital clue to the story. After he has fled, the party in the cottage wonder why he did so, which is what the reader is intended to wonder too! When they hear the gunshot, and suspect what this man might have done, the story starts to unfold. After they have thought about it for a while, and heard the shots going off at regular intervals, it says their suspicions became a certainty (page 146). After they supposedly become certain of their suspicions, the second stranger puts himself in charge of drawing up a plan. This plan consists of some danger. This also excites the reader, making him wonder whats to come. On page 147, the constable says, staves and pitchforks. This shows that Hardy is developing a sense of danger, which helps the build up of mystery in the story. On page 148, the first and second strangers are back in the cottage. They seem very confident of the others, as they say theyll have him. Although they seem confident, the reader is not supposed to be so sure. This helps greatly in the mystery development, as it helps to form suspense. Hardy has used this well, as when the reader finds out the whole thing was a red herring, he is excited by what the true answer is. Red herrings are important for mystery stories because they excite the reader. The example in Hardys story is used very well. Maupassant does not have a red herring in his story. This is makes it is shorter and more to the point. Maupassant finishes his story how he started it: with a horrific murder. On page 204, it says the dog seized his throat. It also says that when the dog was finished, Nicolas Ravolati writhed. This shows that the death was a very painful one. Of course, it seems that the woman has got away with it. However that is what Nicolas thought. If the story had continued, we might have learnt that the old lady herself had been murdered in a vendetta for his life. In leaving the ending open, Maupassant is still building the sense of mystery even though the text has concluded! At the end of Hardys story, when he writes the explanation, he tries to make it really interesting for the reader. First, before the real answer is explained, the magistrate says havent you got the man after all? (Page 151)? This makes the reader wonder who the man really is, and why the third stranger ran away if he is not the man. Gradually, from here on, Hardy explains the real answers to these questions. First the third stranger says the condemned man is my brother (page 151). This is the first thing that is revealed. Still, though most of the questions remain. The next revelation is the real identity of the criminal. On page 151, the third stranger says my brother was in the chimney corner. This is the mystery solved, and Hardy has done this in a very shrewd way. He has kept readers guessing to the last second. Hardys explanation summed up the whole story well, and explained the puzzle. This enthrals the reader and the whole story has built up the sense of mystery very well. I noticed that both stories used isolation as a way to build up mystery. Hardy used it as in the isolation of the little cottage, whereas, Maupassant used it as in the isolation of the widow. On page 201, it says the widow refused to let anyone stay. The authors are building up mystery in the same way, but in a different context. I can now say that I immensely enjoyed reading both of these stories. They had both contrasts and comparisons, but more contrasts. The two stories built up mystery very well, but they built it up in completely different ways. I think this is because both authors were not setting out to write the same kind of story. I personally preferred Hardys story. I think this is because it built up mystery in a very shrewd way so that I was guessing what the answer would be right until the very end. One part that I did enjoy greatly, however, was the red herring. I found this to be a very clever way of putting readers off course from the real answer, as it did to me. I did enjoy Maupassants story as well, but I didnt find it as mysterious as Hardys. In conclusion, I would like to say that I think both stories built up mystery well, but I think Hardys built it up to a greater effect.

Zeus essays

Zeus essays A decision weighed intensely in the heart of every student, college is. The domicile inhabited for the four years lavished on college must be one that a student regards as comfortable. Carthage is a college with several attributes that impress upon a pupil. The opportunity of an alternative approach to learning, the options provided for courses, and the commodious surroundings all contribute to the appeal of Carthage. The initial attribute that allured me to Carthage was the astounding vista from the campus. The campus rests at the shores of Lake Michigan. A simple glimpse from the corner of campus reveals a view that stirs the soul. When I was still in grade school, I accompanied a friend of mine when she went to view the campus. It was a blustery January day and the outdoor section of the tour was quite brisk. I was anxious to warm myself in a nearby building. Upon the brink of numbness, we approached the edge of campus, near the shore. There I beheld an invigorating picture of the sun glistening over the waters of Lake Michigan. It is a sight that I have held on to since that day. Many colleges are situated amongst the most populous part of a city. This does not allow for many beautiful surroundings, unless man-made. Carthage has one of natures most mysterious and fascinating aspects situated in view from campus. When perusing through the Carthage website last school year, I came across a possibility which I had never encountered in any other college. Many offered extended learning activities, but none to the extent of the January Term. I became intrigued by the opportunity to expand my learning through unique approaches. I entirely relish the idea of learning in an original manner. I tend to think and learn in a sense that most do not. The opportunity of the J-Term provides me with an outlet for my unique sense of comprehension. There are very few places that acknowledge the differences that exist in the w...

Should juveniles punished or try as adults Research Paper

Should juveniles punished or try as adults - Research Paper Example The reasoning behind this is actually quite simple. The full grown adults believe that although a child / teenager is involved in a very adult crime, such as murder, he does not truly grasp the meaning and reality of his actions. One mistake during his childhood should not condemn him to a life of hard core punishment. Although such argument tend to hold water among child psyche experts, parents, and some sympathetic courts, the reality of the situation is that the child committed a major crime. A crime that could land an adult in prison for a very long time. Nobody can ever be sure that a child did the crime â€Å"with little understanding of his actions†. If a juvenile committed the offense, he definitely has at least a basic understanding of what the outcome of his actions might be. Therefore, he should not be sheltered from the results of his actions. Rather, he must be made to face up to the resulting consequences of his actions. That is the only way to truly rehabilitate a juvenile delinquent and make sure that he does not grow up to become a social problem. A social problem who as an adult, poses a grave threat to our children, our livelihood, and our very lives. People like former Gov. Jeb Bush believe that â€Å""There should be some sensitivity that a 14-year-old is not a little adult." (Reaves, 2011). His comment is based on the understanding that a fourteen year old does not have the mental capacity to formulate a murder scenario, get his hands on a lethal weapon such as a gun, and use it against someone whom he feels did him wrong. That might have been true during the time of the youth of the governor. However, the increasingly violent movies shown on television, cable TV, and the internet has removed that cloak of innocence in a child. These days, a child of 14 has the full understanding and ability to kill anybody as evidenced by cases like 14 year old Nathan Brazil who was found guilty of second degree murder after killing his teacher in 2011. (Reaves, 2011) Experts who study the human brain say that it was wrong for those Brazil to have been tried as an adult. Their argument being based on their research studies indicating that â€Å"...the brain's prefrontal lobe, which some scientists speculate plays a crucial role in inhibiting inappropriate behavior, may not reach full development until age 20. â€Å" (Reaves, 2011) If we are to believe the experts about how long it takes for the human brain to actually develop, then we would all still be juvenile delinquents at the age of 20, not held responsible for being drunk drivers, doing drugs, or bullying other kids because â€Å"Hey, I'm just a kid. I know nothing!†. I sincerely doubt that most parents and others who are involved in the life of the delinquent would truly buy such a pathetic explanation or excuse in relation to the actions of a juvenile delinquent. By saying that a child does not have the mental capacity to understand his course of actions, we are giving this soon to be adult an easy out. Failing to take into consideration that these children are exposed to violence every single day of their lives. (Schwartz, 2010) Be it in the media, the movies, or even at school, these children see increasingly disturbing amounts of violence and, because of the way that adult news programs report the events, give them some sort of understanding as to what happened and why. Indeed, they may not have the same capacity as an adult to plan the

Success in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Success in Marketing - Essay Example A brochure consists of basic information of something, which has quick summary about the subject. It is the fastest way people find information about the subject hence due to the busy lifestyle, there is less research, attention, and interest of readers is grabbed. If there is any one secret of success, it lies in the ability to get the other person’s point of view and see things from his or her angle as well as from your own (Kevin 23). Persuasion is the aptitude to encourage beliefs and principles in other people by influencing their mode of thoughts and dealings through precise strategies. Marketing taken as course, there will be excellent advantages to a person due to the outcome in the world of market. A wide variety of activities are involved which make sure that one is continuing to meet needs of consumers and get appropriate value in return. Marketing is the unique, the distinctive function of business. In this sense, marketing has a major function to play in setting a firm’s strategic trend. For marketing to be successful, deep comprehension of customers, collaborators, and competitors and great proficiency are deployed for an organization’s capability to improve so as to serve clientele profitably (Kevin 67). Marketing thus defined, is broad-spectrum management accountability, not just a function delegated to specialists. Marketing skills and insight are significant to anyone with career interests hence lead to the setting and implementation of the approach of an organization, regardless of its type or size. Persuasion of someone to study marketing, brings forth best outcome hence there is no regret whatsoever in the study. The entire concept of persuasion leads to motivation towards pleasure and/ or away from pain. Almost all of our behavior comes down to choosing or responding to various forms of stimulus that take us toward our goals or move us away from our fears (Kevin 20). Marketing is an enjoyable exercise that enables one to integrate information into ones subconscious. Knowledge is only authority when it is applied. The ability to influence the behavior of another person or group of people has been a necessary element in human culture since the beginning of time. This article provides the foundation on which to embark on developing insights and skills appropriate in a wide variety of circumstances. These situations include business-to-consumer and business-to-business settings, the old financial system as well as in the latest and in both manufacturing and services sectors. An analyses of marketing shows that a focus on gaining insights into customers’ needs and behaviors, which should direct a company’s breakdown of its marketing opportunities and outline the basis of any possible marketing strategy (Bob 45). Marketing has grown past its roots in conventional mail order to embrace a multitude of new technologies, consumer relationship-building techniques, and routine measures that set the bar for the outlook of marketing communications. Therefore, marketing being a course of study has more of advantages than disadvantages. One does not need to have ability but to make an impact in ones field and understand the skills of great communicators. Surprisingly, with practice, it is easy to learn them. To conclude, there is certainly a very great significance to the power of persuasion. The sword of

Advertising class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising class - Assignment Example The university also has seven professional schools and four professional health science schools. There are various extracurricular activities to choose from and an amazing student life package that includes housing, hospitality, traditions, student government among others. Check out our offers on our open day on the 26th of November 2014. The motive of this campaign is to encourage Lasell College students to enjoy their life in college by experiencing life and love. My audience is Lasell college students, and I will be targeting single students who are interested in enjoying college life and finding a partner to share life’s moments with. I will start a campaign with two different ideas, meaning that two different ads will be developed for this campaign. Here are the following ads: The first ad will develop an announcement for the first meeting for the singles where they will interact as they participate in some fun- filled activities to help them loosen up. I will spread the ad around social media and local newspapers to reach as many audiences as I can. The promise for this session will be to help the singles meet other single people who are likeminded and fun to be with. The theme for this ad will be â€Å"Live and love† The radio advertisement will be as follows: Being in a college without a partner can be boring, and it sucks! Are you single and lonely? Looking for a partner? Well, look no further! Come to the Lasell College student’s hall on the 15th Nov 2014 for the singles night and get hooked up. Meet other likeminded individuals and change your college experience! There will be various fun activities that you can participate in that will get you connected to the right person. Come one come all!! For details call Molly on 09876789 for ad vance booking The second ad will be for a range of outdoor activities for

Eccentric and Concentric Bench Press Comparison

Eccentric and Concentric Bench Press Comparison Introduction Resistance training is an exercise modality that can be defined as a movement working against an external load resulting in physical adaptations (McArdle, Katch Katch, 2014). It is utilised by many as a means of increasing muscular strength, improving athletic performance, reducing the risk of injury and to maintain a healthy lifestyle. An average resistance training programme would incorporate a variety of static and dynamic movements whilst under an external load (Jones, 2009). Whilst the muscles are static, the fibres are in a fixed state and no change in length occurs. However, in a dynamic movement muscles go through a shortening and lengthening process. The concentric phase involving the shortening of muscle fibres, and the eccentric phase involving the lengthening of the fibres. Current literature proposes that eccentric and concentric training illicit different training responses and therefore could produce different muscular adaptations (Rosete et al. 2015). Although there are a variety of methods to provide resistance in a training sense, traditional exercises involve moving a load in opposite directions (i.e. push/pull) where there is a shortening (Concentric) and subsequent lengthening of the muscles (Eccentric). Proske (2001) describes the concentric phase as the actions that initiate movement, whereas the eccentric phase slows movement or brings it to a halt. Some research indicates that muscles acting in an eccentric fashion produce more force than when working concentrically. Other research shows eccentric movements have different fatigue patterns to concentric movements which could explain their apparent superiority. The intended purpose of this proposal is to quantify if concentric bench press yields less strength than eccentric bench press, measured via a 1 rep max max test. Literature Review As previously defined, resistance training is movement working against an external load resulting in physical adaptations. The health benefits of resistance training are widely documented with most of the literature reporting on musculoskeletal adaptations. Recently there has been an emergence of literature detailing other outcomes of resistance exercise such as benefits for metabolic disease (Jurca, 2005), bone density health (Lohman et al, 2003), all-cause mortality (Metter et al, 2002), mobility (Janssen et al, 2002) and quality of life (Levinger et al, 2007). Furthermore, resistance training provides a means of exercise for people whose current cardio vascular based regimes such as jogging or swimming have become too difficult. Based on these findings, resistance exercise is now considered an imperative component of a regular training program. The eccentric phase of a muscle action is when the force generate by a muscle is inferior to the external load. This is characterised by a lengthening of the muscle even though an actin-myosin cross bridge is formed. In this instance when actin separates from myosin it is regarded as a mechanical separating rather than chemical (Flint Hurst, 1978). In contrast, a concentric muscle action involves the actin filaments being pulled over the myosin filaments as the muscle shortens. This is commonly known as the Sliding Filament Theory (SFT).ÂÂ   SFT refers to the movement of actin and myosin sliding over one and other. (Baechle Earle, 2000). Cross bridges are separated through the splitting of an Adenosine Tri Phosphate molecule, thus making it a chemical reaction rather than mechanical. This is a more energy dependant process and should result in less trauma to the muscles. Eccentric muscle action, when used in a resistance training setting has been shown to improve neural activation (Enoka, 1996), muscular strength (Hortobagyi, 1996) and increase muscle size (Vikne et al, 2006). Enoka (1996) goes on to suggest that muscles become more resistant to fatigue when working eccentrically. Placing emphasis on the eccentric phase of an exercise has been proven in some studies to be effective at improving strength than an even split of eccentric/concentric (Brandenburg Docherty, 2002). Research has been conducted to examine the physiological and metabolic effects of concentric actions versus eccentric muscle actions. A study by Hollander et al, (2008) examined if contraction type (Eccentric/Concentric) or load (Absolute/Relative) has a greater metabolic impact on resistance exercise. Seven resistance trained men were included in the study. Their concentric 1 rep max determined for several exercises then their 1 rep max for eccentric was estimated at 20% greater. On completion of the initial 1 rep max testing, participants completed a further 2 bouts of maximum lifts in a random order: concentric only lift and an eccentric only lift. They were then assessed on rating of perceived exertion, pain rating and heart rate. Tests were conducted to take samples of blood PRE/POST exercise, and 15 minutes after exercise had finished to identify lactate and cortisol levels. To analyse the data, a repeated-measure ANOVA was used. No differences were noted between concentric and eccentric trials for pain rating and perceived exertion. Heart rate was significantly higher in every exercise except lat pulldown. Levels of lactate were significantly higher directly post exercise and 15 minutes after following concentric training compared to eccentric training. The study shows that at a relatively lower intensity, concentric and eccentric training show similar rate of perceived exertion pain perception under a relative load (%eccentric1RM= %concentric1RM +20%).ÂÂ   This suggests that you can overload the eccentric phase of an exercise with 20% more than the concentric phase and the body is not negatively affected. Heart rate was maintained at a lower threshold throughout training apart from in one instance despite the eccentric phase holding a 20% greater load. This potentially indicates that eccentric exercise could be deemed as a safer modality of exercise than concentric Enoka (1996) conducted a study highlighting the differences in concentric and eccentric muscle actions in regards to neural activity. Previous studies suggest that neuralogical factors can augment strength gains in trained (Edgerton et al, 1986) and untrained individuals (Komi, 1986) whilst also increase the efficiency in which they can lift sub-maximal loads (Ploutz et al, 1994). It is also noted that neural factors increase the synchronization of motor units (Milner-Brown et al, 1975). A motor unit is defined as motoneuron and all its associated fibres (Bachle Earle 2002). An action potential is passed through the motor neuron, this releases a hormone which passes across a neural junction resulting muscle fibre activation (Baechle Earle, 2000). To increase the force generated by a muscle, motor unit activation must increase frequency, or recruit more motor units at once. Usually motor units activate in a uniform sequence, inferior unitsÂÂ   activate first with superior units coming in to play when the external load becomes too great, commonly termed as the size principal (Baechle Earle, 2000). In order to generate maximum force, it is necessary for all of the motor units within a muscle to activate. In most people the size principle applies, lower threshold units being activated then the higher threshold as the load increases. Some research suggests that resistance exercise increases the efficiency that a person can recruit the higher threshold motor units (Sale, 1987). Enoka (1996) goes on to suggest that this differs for muscles working eccentrically. Research has identified that it is not likely to recruit all motor units during maximum eccentric contraction despite that fact that eccentric strength is usually 20% greater than concentric (Tesch et al, 1990). Aims Previous literature suggests that the strength of the eccentric portion of an exercise can be anything up to 120% greater than that of concentric (Hortobagyi, 1990). Current literature also proposes that eccentric and concentric training illicit different training responses and therefore could produce different muscular adaptations (Baechle Earle, 2000). From the previously mentioned literature, the following was hypothesised: Eccentric 1 Rep Max bench press will yield greater strength than concentric. Objectives The main objective of this proposal is to quantify the differences in eccentric and concentric bench press scores. Methodology Participants Twenty six males between the ages of 18 and 31 who have been taking part in resistance training for over 1 year volunteered for the study. For the purposes of this study resistance training experience is defined as having regularly trained bench press( 1p/w) over the year leading up to the study. Volunteers for the study where students recruited from sport and exercise science classes at The University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton Campus. It was required of the students involved in the study to firstly complete a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire to ensure that they were physically fit enough to engage in the study. It was also required of the students to complete an Informed Consent document outlining how the study would be carried out, how it affects them and highlighting that they have the right to withdraw themselves at any time. Exclusion criteria from the study included: orthopaedic injuries, hypertension, cardiovascular issues and abuse of anabolic agents. Current dietary intake will not be monitored throughout the study, but it will have to remain consistent throughout its entirety. Once the study begins, participants may not take part in any resistance training out with study. The assumption is made that all participants will follow all testing protocols relayed to them for completion out with the laboratory. The participant is also required to abstain from exercise that is greater than the needs for daily living during the testing period. They must also refrain from taking any ergogenic supplements or making dietary changes throughout the testing period. Protocol The study will consist of 3 testing sessions over an 8-week period. Testing will be conducted in the strength and conditioning laboratory in the University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton Campus. Participants will be split into 2 even groups for testing, concentric and eccentric. Participants will be prompted to complete an informed consent document providing their approval to take part in the study. Once the document is completed and reviewed, anthropometric measurements will be taken: weight, height and body composition. Following anthropometric measurements, participants will perform a cardiovascular warm up on a cycle ergometer for (90RPM 5 minutes). This will be followed by an incremental warm up protocol for bench pressing (10,5 and 3 repetitions). The weight used here will be self-selective and should increase with every set (Baechle Earle, 2000). All three testing sessions will include the cardio vascular warm up, bench press warm up followed by 1 Rep Max testing in eithe r eccentric/concentric bench press, depending on what group the individual has been placed in. Participants will be allowed to have a few practice attempts with an unloaded barbell to familiarise themselves with how the testing will operate. The concentric group will perform their lifts by lying supine on a bench from the chest until they can fully straighten their arm, extending the elbow. The bar will be lowered down to their chest prior to each rep to ensure that only a concentric muscle action is being measured. This will be done via a pulley system and two additional spotters positioned at either end of the barbell. When the participant is unable to completely straighten the arms to complete the concentric bench press, the repetition will be deemed a failed rep. The eccentric bench press will involve the slow and controlled lowering of a barbell from full extension down to the chest. It should take the participant three seconds to perform this movement and tempo will be kept with a metronome to help to identify successful reps. On completion of a rep the barbell will be returned to the original position via pulley system and assistance from spotters. If the participant is unable to control the descent of the bar, allowing it to touch their chest before the 3 seconds ends the repetition n will be classed as a failure. To ensure that all the participants are safe, stringent measure will be taken. Spotters will be used during all exercise sets, warm up and testing. The pulley system will be lowered to the appropriate height for each user, this will be marked to ensure consistency with the operator. Chalk will be made available on request to reduce the likelihood of the barbell slipping from the hands. Statistics All data collected in the study will be analysed using an SPSS software. The data will be initially inspected to make sure it is acceptable. The mean and standard deviation will be calculated using a paired T test which will help to identify if there is a significant difference between concentric one repetition maximums and eccentric. References Baechle, T.R., Earle, R.W. (eds.). (2000). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 2nd Edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. Brandenburg, J.P., and Docherty, D. (2002). The effects of accentuated eccentric loading on strength, muscle hypertrophy, and neural adaptations in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(1), 25-32. Lohman, E.C., Cussler, T.G., Going, S.B., Houtkooper, L.B., Metcalfe, L.L., Teixeira, P.J. (2003). Weight lifted in strength training predicts bone changes in postmenopausal women. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 35(1), 10- 17 Edgerton, V.R., Roy, R.R., Gregor, R.J., Rugg, S. (1986). Morphological basis of skeletal muscle power output. In: Human Muscle Power, N.L. Jones, N. McCartney, A.J. McComas, eds. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 43-64. Enoka, R.M. (1996). Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(6), 2339-2346 Flitney, F.W., and Hirst, D.G. (1978). Cross-bridge detachment and sarcomere give during stretch of active frogs muscle. Journal of Physiology, 276, 449-465 Hollander, D.B., Kilpatrick, M.W., Ramadan, Z.G., Reeves, G.V., Francois, M., Kraemer, R.R. (2008). Load rather than contraction type influences rate of perceived exertion and pain. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 1184-1193. Hortobagyi, T., Devita, P., Money, J., Barrier, J. (2001). Effects of standard and eccentric overload strength training in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(7), 1206-1212 Hortobagyi, T., Hill, J.P., Houmard, J.A., Fraser, D.D., Lambert, N.J., Israel, R.G. (1996). Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80(3), 765-772. Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S.B., and Ross, R. (2002). Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 50, 889-896. Jones, Gareth. Strength Training. 1st ed. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009. Print Jurca, R., Lamonte, M.J., Barlow, C.E., Kampert, J.B., Church, T.S., and Blair, S.N. (2005). Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(11), 1849-1855 Komi, P.V. (1986). Training of muscle strength and power: interaction of neuromotoric, hypertrophic, and mechanical factors. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 10-15. Levinger, I., Goodman, C., Hare, D.L., Jerums, G., Selig, S. (2007). The effect of resistance training on functional capacity and quality of life in individuals with high and low numbers of metabolic risk factors. Diabetes Care, 30(9), 2205-2210 McArdle, William D, Frank I Katch, and Victor L Katch. Essentials Of Exercise Physiology. 1st ed. Print. Metter, E.J., Talbot, L.A., Schrager, M., Conwit, R. (2002). Skeletal muscle strength as a predictor of all cause mortality in healthy men. Journal of Gerontology, 57(10), 359-365 Milner-Brown, H.S., Stein, R.B., Lee, R.G. (1975). Synchronization of motor units: possible roles of exercise and supraspinal reflexes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 245-254 Ploutz, L.L., Tesch, P.A., Biro, R.L., Dudly, G.A., (1994). Effect of resistance training on muscle use during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76, 1675-1681 Rosete, Fernando A. et al. Eccentric, Concentric, And Isometric Strength In Trained And Untrained Older Adults. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise 47 (2015): 24-25. Web. Sale, D.G. (1987). Influence of exercise and training on motor unit activation, Exercise Sport Science Reviews, 15(1), 95-151. Tesch, P.A., Dudley, G.A., Duvoisin, M.R., Hather, B.M., Harris, R.T. (1990). Force and EMG signal patterns during repeated bouts of concentric or eccentric muscle actions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 138, 263-271. Vikne, H., Refsnes, P.E., Ekmark, M., Medbo, J.I., Gundersen, V., Gundersen, K. (2006). Muscular performance after concentric and eccentric exercise in trained men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(10), 1770-1781

Assimilation “Housing Indigenous Australians in the 1970s” Essay

Since the 1970s the Australian Government started focusing on establishment of houses for Indigenous people in reserve, remote and very remote areas Indigenous housing programs as. Numbers of housing commission "HC" has been built under what has called the Housing for Aboriginal people â€Å"HFA† (1) Consequently, Aboriginal people started moving from overcrowded private rental homes and government houses to public housing tenants in suburban estates. For many Indigenous Australians, this experience negatively affected their obligations to family and community and their conventional pattern of life, because it was based as much on class relations and colonialism view. For this reason, white settlers was justifying the Indigenous people inadequacy participate in social life and / or to assimilate to racist terms, as demonstrating their genetic / biological unsuitability for â€Å"sophisticated life" (2). By another word, white people were represented the problem as social adva ncement rather than determinants of better social and health circumstances. In all of these forms of policies and acts, the expectations by white settlers was that Aboriginal people did not have adequate culture to be able to participate in normal social life. The standard of the education, childrearing nuclear family life, neighbourly interaction, hygiene and clean housing were the fundamental elements around these housing programs. On the other hand, Aboriginal people were needed to absorb these to be able to leave the poor conditions and to acquire citizenship rights (4). This essay will explore the cultural and social and negative impacts of New South Wales Housing Commission (HC) during 1970s, at the end of what is called as the Assimilation Era and impacts of ... ...ious Aborigines people in New South Wales found out some important connections between prevalence of those psychiatric disorders and the circumstances in the housing commission. These findings recommend that some conditions involved adaptation to the normal life circumstances within the whole society and/or accumulative new behaviour increases the vulnerability of illicit drug use and depression. (8) Furthermore, higher levels of at-risk behaviors have been noted among Aboriginal adolescents during the assimilation era. These behaviours include poor physical health, risk factor for disability, face a self-assessed health disadvantage, aggressiveness and emotional distress. However, this may bias by the disproportion of socioeconomic factors. By another word, lower socioeconomic level increase the risk of such health outcomes.

Principles of diversity equality Essay

Outcome 1: Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1.1 Define what is meant by: Diversity:- Is that right of each individual to be different and to have differences from others. Equality:- the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities. Inclusion:- the action or state of including or being included within a group or structure. Discrimination:- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age or sex. 1.2 Describe how direct or indirect discrimination may occur in the work setting. Direct discrimination: Institutional/Company: different pay levels offered for the same job, promotion offers to only a select group of employees; job offers and training opportunities being offered to individuals of a certain race or age; bullying, excluding others, provocations of colleagues or clients on the basis of their gender, age, religious beliefs, ethnicity, language, social class, sexual orientation. Indirect discrimination: Inadequate facilities put in place for those with disabilities, making demands on workforce which they deem as being disadvantageous to employees of a certain group; using overly complex terminology when providing information either members of staff or the clients Read more: Describe the potential effects of discrimination essay 1.3 Explain how practices that support diversity, equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination. Mixing groups of individuals in situations like; training sessions encourages cohesion and fosters the opportunities for individuals to work well with each other in partnership. Introducing facilities that aid mobility as this encourages the involvement of individuals who are less mobile and makes them feel included as their needs are being taken into account. Putting in place polices that empower employees and show the individual’s value to the company such as; employee of the month awards and bonuses given for consistent good work. This will increase the employees’ confidence in carrying out their job and want to  continue their employment contract with the company. Outcome 2: Know how to work in an inclusive way. 2.1 List key legislations and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settings. Equalities Act (2001). The Employment Act (2008). Health and Social Care Act (2012). Human Rights Act (1998). Mental Capacity Act (2005). Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006). 2.2 Describe how to interact with individuals in an inclusive way. Being empathetic towards the clients’ situation and showing a genuine interest in their concerns and needs. Allowing and encouraging a two-way dialogue to occur between the care worker and the client using techniques such as; active listening to aid communication. Respecting individual’s cultural and/or religious differences and working with them in a way that doesn’t go against their beliefs or morals. 2.3 Describe ways in which discrimination may be challenged in adult social care settings. Putting in place a company policy of zero-tolerance regarding discrimination. Informing all members of staff and clients about how and when to make complaints regarding any issues of concern including discrimination. Encouraging others to challenge discrimination. Maintaining a record of discriminatory behaviour and resorting to disciplinary actions to deal with such behaviour. Routinely updating policies and procedures of organisation in relation to discrimination. Using previous discriminatory cases to aid the continuous professional development of the members of staff as they can act as an example of how they can respond and handle similar situations if and when they occur in their future working life with the company. Outcome 3: Know how to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. 3.1 Identify sources of  information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. Company care worker handbook. Skills for care website. Heath & Social Care Information Centre website. NHS website. Healthcare Diversity Council website. 3.2 Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. An individual should access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in instances where they believe that either them or the client who they are assisting being treated unfairly due to factors like an individual’s race or ethnicity; having access to the relevant legislative rules and regulations such as; the Equalities Act (2001) or The Employment Act (2008) and the company’s policies and procedures regarding diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination so that they know exactly what their employer is legally required to put into place in order to foster diversity, equality, inclusion and prevent discrimination. This information especially the company’s policies and procedures will also inform the care worker of the proper procedure that needs to occur when the care worker experiences issu es regarding diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination.

Using Ordinal Numbers in Spanish

Using Ordinal Numbers in Spanish If you want to say first in Spanish, theres a word for that - and its nothing like uno, the word for one. Its primero, the first of what are called the ordinal numbers. Ordinal Numbers Function as Adjectives The ordinal numbers might be thought of as the adjective form of the cardinal numbers, the numbers in the form they are most often used. Thus uno (one) is a cardinal number, while primero (first) is its ordinal form. The same goes for the cardinal dos  (two) and the ordinal segundo (second). In Spanish, the ordinal forms are used most commonly for the numbers 10 and under. They are: First: primeroSecond: segundoThird: terceroFourth: cuartoFifth: quintoSixth: sextoSeventh: sà ©ptimo, sà ©timoEighth: octavoNinth: novenoTenth: dà ©cimo When used as an adjective, ordinal numbers must agree with the nouns they refer to in both number and gender: el segundo coche (the second car, where coche is masculine), but la segunda vez (the second time, where vez is feminine). Note also that when primero and tercero precede a singular masculine noun, the final -o is dropped: el primer rey (the first king), el tercer trimestre (the third trimester). This change is known as apocopation. For larger numbers, it is common to use simply the cardinal number, especially in speech. Thus el siglo veinte (the 20th century) is more common than the cardinal form, el siglo vigà ©simo, and in writing the numerical (el siglo 20) or Roman (el siglo XX) form is often used. It is also common to word a sentence in such a way that the ordinal form is not used. So, for example, cumple cuarenta y cinco aà ±os (literally, she reaches 45 years) would be the most common way of saying it is someones 45th birthday. In general, the ordinal numbers for 11th and above can be considered mostly a formal usage. In any case, here are examples of larger ordinal numbers. 11th: undà ©cimo12th: duodà ©cimo13th: decimotercero14th: decimocuarto15th: decimoquinto16th: decimosexto17th: decimosà ©ptimo18th: decimoctavo19th: decimonoveno20th: vigà ©simo21st: vigà ©simo primero22nd: vigà ©simo segundo23rd: vigà ©simo tercero24th: vigà ©simo cuarto30th: trigà ©simo31st: trigà ©simo primero32nd: trigà ©simo segundo40th: cuadragà ©simo50th: quincuagà ©simo60th: sexagà ©simo70th: septuagà ©simo80th: octogà ©simo90th: nonagà ©simo100th: centà ©simo200th: ducentà ©simo300th: tricentà ©simo400th: cuadringentà ©simo500th: quingentà ©simo600th: sexcentà ©simo700th: septingentà ©simo800th: octingà ©simo900th: noningentà ©simo1,000th: milà ©simo2,000th: dosmilà ©simo3,000th: tresmilà ©simo4,000th: cuatromilà ©simo1,000,000,000th: millonà ©simo Ordinal numbers can also be written using a superscripted o or a depending on whether it is masculine or feminine, respectively. For example, the equivalent of 2nd is 2o when referring to a masculine noun and 2a when referring to a feminine one. The lower-case  superscripted o should not be confused with the symbol for degrees. Using ordinary lower-case letters (as in 2nd) is also possible when supercripts arent available: 2o, 2a. Mnemonic Device: Remembering the Ordinals You may be able to help youself remember the ordinal forms by connecting them with English words you already know: Primero is related to primary.Segundo is similar to second.Tercero is related to tertiary.A quarter, similar to cuarto, is a fourth of a whole.Five children born together are quintuplets, using the same root word as quinto.An octave, similar to octavo, has eight notes.The decimal, similar to dà ©cimo, system is based on the number 10. Sample Sentences Showing Use of Ordinal Numbers El primer dà ­a fuimos amenazados por un grupo de manifestantes. (The first day we were threatened by a group of protesters.) La estrella de muchas pelà ­culas ha adoptado una segunda nià ±a. (The star of many films has adopted a second girl.) La Fà ³rmula 1 contempla seriamente la opcià ³n de un tercer coche por equipo. (Formula 1 is seriously considering the option of a third team car.) Hermine, la octava tormenta tropical de la temporada de huracanes en el Atlntico, se formà ³ hoy. (Hermine, the eighth tropical storm of the hurricane season, formed in the Atlantic today.) Puebla se ubica en el dà ©cimo lugar de las ciudades ms caras del paà ­s. (Pueblo occupies 10th place of the countrys most expensive cities.) Esta es la lista de episodios pertenecientes a la decimosexta temporada. (This is the list of episodes from the 16th season.) El empresario es el centà ©simo hombre ms rico de Canad. (The businessman is the 100th richest man in Canada.) Eres la  milà ©sima  persona que me dice que estoy muy guapo.  (You are the  1,000th  person to tell me that I am very handsome.)

The First Five Pages

The First Five Pages The First Five Pages The First Five Pages By Maeve Maddox What can an agent tell from the first five pages of your manuscript? According to Noah Lukeman, plenty. The First Five Pages: A Writers Guide to Staying Out of the Rejection Pile analyzes the types of mistakes that appear in 99 percent of the unsolicited manuscripts received by agents and editors. His experience as a literary agent who has read thousands of manuscripts has led Lukeman to this conclusion: From Texas to Oklahoma to California to England to Turkey to Japan, writers are doing the exact same things wrong. The purpose of his book is to show writers how to be their own first readers. The First Five Pages assumes that by scrutinizing a few pages closely enoughparticularly the first fewyou can make a determination for the whole. It assumes that if you find one line of extraneous dialogue on page 1, you will likely find one line of extraneous dialogue on each page to come. Even before he gets to a discussion of such things as dialogue, characterization, and point of view, Lukeman emphasizes the importance of Presentation. By Presentation he means such purely mechanical matters as paper, margins, and enclosing a stamped addressed envelope. No matter how great the artistic merit of a manuscript, careless packaging can keep it from taken seriously. Such inattention to detail, says Lukeman, may signal carelessness, sloppiness, ignorance or defiance of the industrys standards; that the writer doesnt care enough to do the minimum amount of research to make a manuscript industry presentable. Often when a writers presentation is careless, his writing is too. I especially like what Lukeman has to say about the importance of an extensive vocabulary in creating a clear, specific, distinctive style. He notes a dearth of vocabulary in the work of modern writers: It is as if all of todays writers were working from a high school-level vocabularyand writers who do use unusual words more ofen than not misuse them He encourages writers to enrich their vocabulary by learning not just a words current meaning, but its origin and history as wellnot for mere erudition, but in order to fix the word in the writers mind and make it his own. This extra lore is what I call iceberg information, knowledge that floats below the surface of the writing, adding substance without show. Barely 200 pages in length, Lukemans guide puts the writer in the mind of the agent, packing a lot of insight into a small space. The chapters are brief, but to the point, and each one is followed by writing exercises. For the author who has a novel ready to market, The First Five Pages is a valuable tool for the final revision. You can find the book on Amazon.com. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?When to Spell Out Numbers

Family Own Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Family Own Business - Essay Example However, the prime objective of the paper is to generate a transition plan for the company with an aim to increase its business’ success rate. Torrini: A Family Owned Business Torrini is remarked to be a dignified name in the family business sector of Europe and is based in Italy. It is one of the ancient family business firms in the county which has flourished for a period of six centuries. The firm produces various kinds of fashionable, high priced jewelleries ranging from rings and precious stones to luxurious watches and even perfumes (Torrini, n.d.). History of Torrini The establishment of Torrini as a jewellery designing, producing and marketing firm can be recognised during the 16th century. However, its roots lay in the 14th century, in 1369, when Jacopus Torrini the founder of the firm settled in Florence as a forger of armour. With the growth of the economy and also due to the transformation in the lifestyle preferences of the county people, Jacopus Torrini initiated to diversify his business in the production of unique and luxurious fine jewelleries (Torrini, n.d.). Since 600 years, the firm has provided a few noteworthy contributions to the creative industry in Italy and other economies of European region. Presently, it is categorised as one of the most prestigious and successful family owned businesses in the region. Subsequently, the management responsibilities have been solely on the family heirs. In other words, the skills, knowledge and creativity were handed down hereditarily to design Torrini products. The firm in the present context is supervised under the leadership traits of Frabrizio Torrini. The other family members having a... This essya stresses that while executing the transition plan the leaders should provide extensive consideration to the conflicts likely to arise among the family members including the potential heirs of the business. In this regard, the leaders need to depend entirely on their conscience and knowledge due to the fact that there are no specific theories prescribed to manage a family business and the conflicts arising during transitions. Torrini, as a brand holds remarkable potential to create strong impulse on the targeted customers. This paper makes a conclusion that family business groups have gained considerable significance in the modern era due to their remarkable inclusion in the economic growth. After the recent economic downturn, the western economies including the European economies have started considering family business units as a crucial element to stimulate their growth providing wider scope to the family business entities. However, the leaders of family business entities are often recognised as reluctant to adopt change due to the fear of losing control and/or disturbing the values preserved in the business’ operations. This can also be identified in the case of Torrini. On the contrary, in the case of Swarovski the business has adopted a modern and strategic technique to ensure the growth of the brand without disturbing the interests of the family leaders and the heritage of the brand providing its wider scope to prosper.

Financial Statements analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Statements analysis - Essay Example KFC, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, T.G.I.-Fridays and Harry Ramsden supplying food to alternative outlets such as schools, airports, military bases, and correctional and healthcare facilities. The company’s own profitable brands are Caffe Ritazz, Cafe Select, Upper Crust, Not Just Donuts, Franks, Sushi Q Restaurants. With an annual turnover of nearly $ 7.9 billion as of 1999, the company has emerged as one of the FTSE 100. The company was formed with the acquisition of Grand Metropolitan’ London catering division and its IPO on London Stock Exchange that followed in 1988. Competitors are Gardner Merchant in UK, Sodexho of France and Aramark of the U.S. When the Gardner and Sodexho merged and became a formidable challenge, Compass retaliated by purchasing Accor’s Eurest International and Accor received 22.5 % share in the equity of Compass. With this, Compass once again emerged as the world’s largest foodservice company (FundingUniverse, 1999). Compass’ major percentage (90) of revenue comes from outside the UK and it claims to be living up to the image of international business now spread over 50 countries. North American region contributes 47 % of the revenue, Europe and Japan contributes 34 % and emerging markets contribute 19 % thus aggregating to a total revenue of 17,557 m GBP in 2013. North American region has been the core growth engine for the company in terms of revenue as well as profitability ever since the business was established in the region in 1994. The company is the 11th largest employer in the private sector in the USA and it serves as many as six million meals per day. It had 506, 699 employees as of 30 September 2013. In terms of corporate responsibility, the company has achieved a reduction of carbon emissions from 7.3 % in 2012 to 6 % in 2013. Total GHG emissions were 119,874 Tonnes in 2013 as against 123, 630 Tonnes in 2012. The company aims at a reduction of 20 % against 2008 baseline by 20 17. Other corporate responsibility

The Cost of Higher Eduction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cost of Higher Eduction - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the cost of the higher education in America has been escalating, and many people are wondering how they will have education for their children. The higher education in U.S is an ultimate optional stage of the formal learning after the secondary education. The educational institutions include the colleges, universities that are both private and public. The cost of higher education is known to be relatively cheaper for the public institutions compared to the private ones. The cost of the higher education has skyrocketed making the college and university education unaffordable. The level of unemployment has also been increasing, and the employed people are not getting any increment of their salaries, but the college tuition fee has been increasing in the public colleges. The cost of the education services from college tuition could be solely attributed to the fault of the institutions of higher learning with the administration being accus ed of the bloat compared to the reduced governmental funding. However, the facilities of higher education have tried to keep the expenditures and the tuition down. Many institutions do not try to inflate the costs of the education deliberately. When the ultimate projection is made the today's cost of the higher education may seem cheaper compared to the future costs. Still, the costs are rising at alarming rates that are faster than the inflation.

Video game aggression Essay Example for Free

Video game aggression Essay As technology continues to forge ahead concerns about its effects on the populace are raised. Whether it be microwave ovens causing cancer or cell phones causing accidents, people are always interested in researching, and often condemning, these new products. Such is this case with videogames. Ever since PongO swept the nation, scholars have been researching videogames effects on children. The most popular aspect of videogame research is whether or not games increase aggression. A video game is any console or PC based interactive game, aggression is any thoughts or behaviors related with the intention to cause harm. Contrary to popular belief, there is no reliable correlation between videogames and aggression. Claims are the backbone to a study; they are both the starting point and the goal. Cooper and Mackie (1986) sought to discover if a highly violent game would affect 4th and 5th grade kids differently than a nonviolent game or a paper-and-pencil game. Tamborini et all (2000) predicted that aggressive thoughts and behaviors would be highest amongst those playing a violent virtual reality game followed by those playing a violent standard game, followed by those playing a nonviolent standard game. Derek (1995) was interested in what effect, if any, playing violent games would have on aggressiveness in different personality types. Ballard and Weist (1996) researched whether the level of violence in a game would affect peoples responses on a hostility questionnaire. Sherry (2000) performed a meta-analysis on 25 video game/aggression studies; he wanted to see if there was any credence to the claims. All five studies are very similar in their intent. They mostly focus on whether the level of immersion (via different hardware, violent content, and/or graphics) affects the level of aggression. To understand a study one must understand the definitions used within that study. All five studies use the same general definition of a videogame that the general public uses; an interactive game played on a television or monitor whereby onscreen objects can be manipulated through the use of a controller. Violent video games are those that involve death and destruction to things resembling reality and/or fantasy. Definitions of aggression, however, differ. Cooper and Mackie (1986) used a childs toy selection and distribution of reward/punishment as an indicator of aggression. Tamborini et all (2000) consider aggression to be hostile thoughts. Derek (1995) defines aggression as a mindset that includes seven subcategories (the Buss-Durkee Inventory): assault, irritability, indirect hostility, negativism, resentment, suspicion, and verbal hostility. Ballard and Weist (1996) use the word hostility instead of aggression. In this case it refers to thoughts of defensiveness, dominance, aggression, self-confidence, nurturance, and autonomy. Sherry (2000) just says, ?and some form of aggressiveness as the dependent variable. The Cooper and Mackie study and the Sherry study are the only two that incorporate behavior in their definition of aggressiveness. All of the others deal only with thoughts, but are quite similar in their intent. The real make-or-break portion of research is the method in which you seek and categorize the data. Cooper and Mackie (1986) took 84 4th and 5th graders from New Jersey. They had equal numbers of boys and girls separated into three groups. One group played the violent game Missile Commander (a cheesy game where you shoot lasers at little dots representing bombs falling on a city), another played Pac Man (which we all know and love), and the control group solved mazes with pencil and paper. After 8 minutes of game play the kids were told to select a toy to play with while the researcher did some work (the researcher was actually observing how long the child play with each toy. They could select a Shogun warrior (a violent toy), Nerf basketball (an active toy), Lincoln Logs (a quiet game), or pop-up pinball (a skill game). Which toy the child selected acted as an indicator of mindset. After the play session the children were told to hold down a button to indicate the length of a time a child should be punished for various acts of insubordination. They were then told to hold down a button for the length of time a child should be rewarded for various good deeds. Tamborini et all (2000) enlisted 92 MSU undergrads in the Communications department. The predominantly female assemblage was split into three groups. Before playing any games they filled out a self-report questionnaire concerning aggressive tendencies. The first group got to play Duke Nukem 3D on a virtual reality system (Duke Nukem is a modern first-person shooter where you run around blasting aliens; virtual reality systems incorporate a headset and gloves to more fully immerse the player), the second group played Duke Nukem 3D on a regular computer, and the third group played Cool Boarder (a realistic snowboarding game) on a regular PC. Participants got to play for ten minutes then filled out a thought list coded for types and frequency of hostile thoughts. They also filled out an evaluation of the research assistant they dealt with, this was meant to be another measure of aggressiveness. Derek (1995) enlisted 117 students from Strathclyde University (60% women). Participants were split into three groups. The non-aggressive game group played Tetris (a real-time strategy game), the moderately aggressive game group played Overkill (a typical space-blasters game which no one has heard of), the aggressive game group played Fatal Fury (a martial arts fighting game with high levels of trauma and gore). Players were given a personality test before and after game play under the guise that the study was concerned with hand-eye coordination as it relates to personality. Ballard and Weist (1996) took 30 male undergraduates from Appalachian State University. The guys were split into two groups. Group one played Corner Pocket (a billiards game with virtually no action) while group two played Mortal Kombat (an extremely popular fighting game), which was set at either high violence mode or low violence mode. The subjects played for 10 minutes before filling out a hostility questionnaire. Sherry (2000) drank hundreds of cups of coffee and alienated his wife and kids while pouring over insane amounts of research. There were 32 studies available to him, 7 of which he had to throw out for various reasons. Of the remaining 25 he carefully looked for validity problems while synthesizing them into the definitive meta-analysis on this topic. As with all things capitalist and otherwise, its all about the bottom line, lets see what they found. Cooper and Mackie (1986) found that, overall, the kids played with the skilled toy and quiet toy (118 sec. and 134 sec. respectively) more than the active toy or aggressive toy (89 sec. and 59 sec. ). After exposure to the aggressive game the kids played with the aggressive toy more than the kids in the other two conditions combined (82 sec. compared to 46 sec. for the other two groups). Amount of time pressing the reward/punishment buzzers was not correlated with the game played. Tamborini et all (2000) found a significant effect for media environment on hostile thoughts, F (3,91)=7.21, p*. 01, eta=. 20. Contrary to expectations, a higher number of hostil thoughts was found among those who played the game on a PC, not those who played Virtual Reality. They did find that those playing violent games had higher hostility ratings than those whom played nonviolent games, but the highest hostility was found among those who observed the violent games. Derek (1995) used a one-way ANOVA test and found no significant differences between overall changes in aggressiveness and type of game played. Pearsons correlation coefficients also failed to show a significant relationship between type of game played and change in level of aggression. Ballard and Weist (1996) used a one-way MANOVA test and found a significant relationship between levels of hostility and type of game. Hostility scores were higher after playing high-gore Mortal Kombat than they were after playing low-gore Mortal Kombat. Both were significantly high than those who played the billiards game. Sherry (2000) used the Pearson R on each of the 25 studies individually, he then subtracted out the variance due to sampling error. This resulted in a large standard deviation in the weighted effect size, suggesting extraneous variables at work. He also performed a Fisher Zr test, and was unable to reject the null hypothesis. In the words of Austin Powers, whoopdy-doo, what does it all mean There are many factors that cloud the issue, but overall it seems that the evidence is not very convincing. In the Cooper and Mackie study (1986) the higher levels of play time with the aggressive toy was accounted for almost entirely by the female participants. One theory is that playing the aggressive video game empowered the girls (whom are normally shunned from doing aggressive things) to broaden their aggressive horizons; at the least it calls into question issues of generality. The age of this study is also a factor, Sherry (2000) points out that there is a trend for older video game studies to have greater effect sizes. An issue with all of the studies was the short amount of time participants played the games. Sherry (2000) found that playing time was a negative predictor of effect size. It seems that there is an initial spike in aggression that goes away after longer exposure. Tamborini et alls (2000) findings are odd due to the fact that the observers reported the highest hostility. This could indicate that seeing violence on screen-not necessarily controlling it- leads to higher aggression. The most convincing evidence of all is the meta-analysis (Sherry, 2000). His exhaustive study was unable to produce resounding results, indicating that the positive findings in some of the studies could be anomalous. This lack of evidence would leave one to believe that the status quo is acceptable. Game content can be found through the rating system, but any other measures would be burdensome and unnecessary. So, until more convincing data comes along we can rest assured that any rage is the result of good old American anger, not blasting on-screen boogie men. Bibliography Works Cited Ballard, M. E. , Wiest, J. R. (1996). Mortal Kombat: The Effects of Violent Videogame Play on Males Hostility and Cardiovascular Responding. Journal of Applied Psychology, 26, 717-730. Cooper, J. , Mackie, D. (1986). Video Games and Aggression in Children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 726-744. Derek, S. (1995). The Effect of Video Games on Feelings of Hostility. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 121-130. Sherry, J. L. (2000). The Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression: A Meta-Analysis. Human Communication Research*. Tamborini, R. , Eastin, M. , Lachlan, K. , Fediuk, T. , Brady, R. , Skalski, P. (2000). Virtual Violence. 86th Annual Convention of the National Communication Association.